Abstract
The present electric grids use the technology of 1970’s.
But with the advancement in various concepts of power generation,
problems associated with power outages and thefts, and also due to
increase in demand, we require a modernized grid to avail all the needs
of customers even in the situations of hype, which can be called a “smart grid”.
The smart grid performs various functions such that it increases grid stability, reliability, efficiency and ultimately reduces line losses.
Also
the smart grids are designed to allow the two-way processing of
electricity from consumers that have distributed generation. Various
technologies like sensing and measurement, usage of advanced components
are to be used for successful functioning of the grid. In this paper,
smart grid, its functions, technologies used in smart grids are
discussed.
Introduction to Electric Grid
The electric grid generally refers to all or the smart grid, in a nutshell, is a way to transmit and distribute electricity
by electronic means. The electric grid delivers electricity from points
of generation to consumers. The electricity delivery network functions
via two primary networks: the transmission system
and the distribution system. The transmission systems deliver
electricity from power plants to distribution substations, while
distribution systems deliver electricity from distribution substations
to consumers.
The grid also encompasses myriads of local area
networks that use distributed energy resources to several loads and/or
to meet specific application requirements for remote power, municipal or
district power, premium power, and critical loads protection.
Introduction to Smart Grid
Smart
grid lacks a standard definition, but enters on the use of advanced of
technology to increase the reliability and efficiency of the grid, from
transmission to distribution. The Smart Grid is a vision of a better
electricity delivery infrastructure.
Smart Grid implementation dramatically increases
the quantity, quality, connectivity, automation and Coordination
between the suppliers, consumers and networks, and use of data available
from advanced sensing, computing, and communications hardware and
software.
In addition to being outdated, power plants and
transmission lines are aging, meaning they have difficulty handling
current electricity needs, while demand may not be reduced any time, but
it can still be increasing continuously. One solution could be to add more power lines, but the aging system would still be overwhelmed.
So
instead of a quick fix, a more reliable, permanent solution is needed.
Perhaps the most fundamental aspect of transitioning to a smarter
electricity system is the smart meter.
Why Modernization of Electric Grid is required?
The major driving forces to modernize current power grids can be divided in four, general categories:
- Increasing reliability, efficiency and safety of the power grid.
- Enabling decentralized power generation so homes can be both an energy client and supplier (provide consumers with interactive tool to manage energy usage).
- Flexibility of power consumption at the client’s side to allow supplier selection (enables distributed generation, solar, wind, and biomass).
- Increase GDP by creating more new, green collar energy jobs related to renewable energy industry manufacturing, plug-in electric vehicles, solar panel, and wind turbine generation, energy conservation and construction.
Smart Grid Functions
The integrated system of the smart grid has two scopes.
One scope is transmission monitoring and reliability and includes the following capabilities:
- Real time monitoring of grid conditions.
- Improved automated diagnosis of grid disturbances, and better aids for the operators who must respond to grid problems.
- Automated responses to grid failure that will isolate disturbed zones and prevent or limit cascading blackouts that can spread over a wide area.
- “Plug and play” ability to connect new generating plants to the grid, reducing the need for the time consuming interconnection studies and physical upgrades.
- The automatic restoration of power would be accomplished by a combination of sensors, computer analysis and advanced substation components, as well as by the ability to reroute power to outage locations.
- Enhancing ability to manage large amounts of solar and wind power.
The second scope is consumer energy management:
- At a minimum, the ability to signal homeowners and businesses that power is expensive and/or tight in supply. This can be done, via special indicators or through web browsers or personal computer software. The expectation is that the customer will respond by reducing its power demand.
- The next level of implementation would allow the utility to automatically reduce the consumer’s electricity consumption when power is expensive or scarce. This would be managed through the link between the smart meters and customer’s equipment or appliances.
- The smart grid system would automatically detect distribution line failures, identify the specific failed equipment, and help determine the optimal plans for dispatching crews to restore service. The smart grid would automatically attempt to isolate failures to prevent local blackouts to spread over that area.
- The smart grid would make it easier to install distributed generation such as rooftop solar panels, and to allow “net metering”, a rate making approach that allows operators of distributed generators to sell surplus power to utilities. The smart grid would also manage the connection of millions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles into the power system.
Hence
the functions of smart grid can be summarized into the following terms
as selfhealing, consumer participation, resist attack, high quality
power accommodate generation options, enable electricity markets,
optimize assets, enable high penetration of intermittent generation
options.
Technology- Initial Focus
Smart Grids rely
on information technology advancements across telecommunications and
operations. Utilities apply these technologies both to grid operations –
transmission and distribution wires and associated equipment and to the customer site-meters, customer owned energy technology equipment and appliances, and home area networks (HANs).
Wires
Wires-focused Smart Grid projects commonly involve:
- One of the components to smart grid would be the replacement of the aging power lines with high-temperature superconducting lines.
- The new wires could be installed underground to avoid cluttering up the already congested cityscapes.
- New telecommunications and operational (sense and control) technologies: These improve delivery performance and resilience.
- New sensor and control technologies. These, when combined with distributed intelligence, make it possible to report and resolve grid issues in real time (self healing).
- Transmission and distribution intelligent electronic devices. These alert operators, automatically respond to problems, and integrate generation from renewable resources.
Sensing and Measurement
Core
duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring
equipment health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies
support. Technologies include smart meters, sensing systems, advanced
switches and cables, digital protective relays etc… In all these, smart
meters play a vital role.
In Smart Metering, an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
of interval meters and two-way communications systems serves as a
gateway for utility/customer interaction. Smart Metering has the
potential to reduce both customer and utility costs.
If you take a
look at your current electricity meter, you will see that it is very
mechanical, humming along blindly, waiting to be read by a technician,
to determine the amount of electricity used in a given month, at the end
of which you receive a bill. A smart meter utilizes what is known as
real-time monitoring (RTM). A display lets the consumer know how much
electricity is used and even when it is less expensive to use it.
“Studies
have shown that when people are made aware of how much power they are
using, they reduce their use by about 7%.” A smart grid also prevents
the entire system from becoming overloaded, lessening the chance for a
power outage.
Advanced Components
Innovations in superconductivity,
fault tolerance, storage, power electronics, and diagnostics components
are changing fundamental abilities and characteristics of grids.
Technologies
within these broad R&D categories include: flexible alternating
current transmission system devices, high voltage direct current, first
and second generation superconducting wire, high temperature
superconducting cable, distributed energy generation and storage
devices, composite conductors, and “intelligent” appliances.
Renewable Energy and the Smart Grid
The
smart grid can be seen as an alternative energy source, certainly a
change from the current way of doing things. In addition to rerouting
electricity, the smart grid would be able to fill in the gaps of these
alternative energy power sources. One way this could be accomplished,
surprisingly enough, is with another alternative energy technology – the
electric car, specifically, the plug-in electric hybrid (PHEV).
This
would work through the concept of energy storage, in the case of the
PHEV, specifically referred to as V2G or vehicle to grid. This use of
alternative energy sources, like wind and solar reduces the nation’s
dependence on foreign oil and helps keep pollution from car exhaust and
power plants to a minimum.
Other Technologies
Integrated
communications will allow for real-time control, information and data
exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and
security.
Conclusion
The major source of energy for human beings is electricity. Without electricity, no technology or science could have been possibly developed. But there are many problems associated with effective functioning of the electric grids which cause a serious loss of power and may even create severe scarcity in future. Also, the latest advancements in generation of electricity from renewable sources also require a means for effective utilization.So, keeping in view of these, for better performance of the grid, smart grids should be developed all over the world So that we have a more transparent, reliable system that allows consumers to save money and utility companies to more accurately control electricity.
Thus Smart Grid technology paves way for increased utilization of green power.
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