The majority of sites utilize the head developed by fresh water; however, other liquids such as salt water and treated sewage have been utilized.
The siting of a prospective hydroelectric plant requires careful evaluation of technical, economic, environmental, and social factors.
A
significant portion of the project cost may be required for mitigation
of environmental effects on fish and wildlife and re-location of
infrastructure and population from flood plains.
Hydroelectric Plant Schemes
There are three main types of hydroelectric plant arrangements, classified according to the method of controlling the hydraulic flow at the site:
- Run-of-the-river plants, having small amounts of water storage and thus little control of the flow through the plant.
- Storage plants, having the ability to store water and thus control the flow through the plant on a daily or seasonal basis.
- Pumped storage plants, in which the direction of rotation of the turbines is reversed during off-peak hours, pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir, thus “storing energy” for later production of electricity during peak hours.
Selection of Plant Capacity, Energy, and Other Design Features
The
generating capacity of a hydroelectric plant is a function of the head
and flow rate of water discharged through the hydraulic turbines, as
shown in equation below:
P = 9.8 η Q H
where:
P = power (kilowatts)
η= plant efficiency
Q = discharge flow rate (meter3/s)
H = head (meter)
η= plant efficiency
Q = discharge flow rate (meter3/s)
H = head (meter)
Flow rate
and head are influenced by reservoir inflow, storage characteristics,
plant and equipment design features, and flow restrictions imposed by
irrigation, minimum downstream releases, or flood control requirements.
Historical daily, seasonal, maximum (flood), and minimum (drought) flow con-ditions are carefully studied in the planning stages of a new development.
Plant
capacity, energy, and physical features such as the dam and spillway
structures are optimized through complex economic studies that consider
the hydrological data, planned reservoir operation, performance
characteristics of plant equipment, construction costs, the value of
capacity and energy, and discount rates.
The costs of substation, transmission,
telecommunications, and remote control facilities are also important
considerations in the economic analysis. If the plant has storage
capability, then societal benefits from flood control may be included in
the economic analysis.
Another important planning consideration
is the selection of the number and size of generating units installed to
achieve the desired plant capacity and energy, taking into account
installed unit costs, unit availability, and efficiencies at various
unit power outputs.
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